Bipolar disorder is defined as a brain disease related to impaired biochemical functioning of the brain. According to research, the prevalence rate of bipolar disorder in the society is between 1 and 5 percent. In the treatment of bipolar disorder, medication should be continued regularly. If medication is discontinued, the likelihood of the disease recurring is quite high. In addition, this disease also occurs in children and adolescents. In this period, bipolar disorder can be confused with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder.
Bipolar disorder is defined as a bipolar mood disorder, or double mood swings. It is also known as manic depressive disorder. In between these mood swings, the person with bipolar disorder may have periods of normal mood. The term "manic" describes an overactive, energetic, talkative, reckless, strong, euphoric period. Sudden ups and downs cannot be observed in the moods of people who are not ill, but in the moods of these patients, it can be observed that there are ups and downs and changes that affect daily life very much.
What are the Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder?
Symptoms of bipolar disorder can be analyzed in three main categories: mania, depressive and mixed episodes. The symptoms of each episode are as follows:
Mania Episode Symptoms:
- Extremely high mood: The person may feel exceptionally happy, energetic or self-confident.
- Decreased need for sleep: The person may feel they need less sleep than usual and may feel energized and alert.
- Rapid thinking and speaking: Conversations may speed up and thoughts may not be connected.
- Increased activity levels: The person may have more energy and initiate more physical activity or projects than usual.
- Difficulty concentrating: There may be difficulty focusing due to rapid thinking and increased activity.
- Risk-taking behaviors: May exhibit risky behaviors such as spending money, engaging in dangerous activities or irresponsible sexual behavior.
Depressive Episode Symptoms:
- Very low mood: The person may feel sad, hopeless or empty.
- Loss of energy and fatigue: Energy levels may be low, even for normal daily activities.
- Sleep disturbances: There may be disturbances in sleep patterns, such as insomnia or oversleeping.
- Appetite changes: Appetite increase or loss may be accompanied by weight changes.
- Low self-esteem and feelings of worthlessness: The person may feel worthless or guilty.
- Difficulties with focus and decision-making: There may be a lack of concentration and decision-making difficulties.
- Suicidal thoughts or behaviors: The person may think about or openly express suicidal thoughts, plans or attempts.
Mixed Episode Symptoms:
- Manic and depressive symptoms appearing at the same time: For example, being sad or irritable with extremely high energy levels.
- Restlessness and anxiety: may feel the need to move or experience inner tension.
Symptoms in bipolar disorder can vary from individual to individual and the severity and duration of any one episode can be different. It is important to consult a psychiatrist or psychologist for diagnosis and treatment.
What are Bipolar Disorder Episodes?
Bipolar disorder is characterized by recurring mood episodes during certain periods. These episodes are called manic, depressive or mixed episodes and each is associated with different symptoms.
Manic Episodes: Manic episodes are characterized by symptoms such as extremely high mood, increased energy, rapid thinking and talking, decreased need for sleep, increased activity levels and risk-taking behaviors. During this period, the person often feels more energetic than usual and sometimes cannot control themselves, which can lead to risky or dangerous behavior.
Depressive episodes: Depressive episodes are characterized by symptoms such as very low mood, hopelessness, loss of energy, sleep disturbances, appetite changes, low self-esteem and suicidal thoughts. During this period, the person has difficulty performing normal daily activities and quality of life can be significantly affected.
Mixed Episodes: Mixed episodes refer to a condition in which manic and depressive symptoms appear at the same time. In this case, the person may have high levels of energy and be sad or irritable at the same time. Mixed episodes are often a complex and disturbing experience and may require immediate treatment intervention.
The transitions between these episodes can vary from person to person, and sometimes there can be a period of time between episodes, while other times there can be a rapid transition from one episode to the next. Treatment of bipolar disorder usually involves an approach aimed at relieving symptoms and preventing episodes. This usually involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Untreated bipolar disorder can lead to severe impairments in functioning and a reduced quality of life. Therefore, a person showing symptoms of bipolar disorder should receive appropriate medical and psychosocial support.
Causes of Bipolar Disorder
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not clearly known, but it is thought to result from a complex interaction of genetic, environmental and neurological factors. Possible causes of bipolar disorder:
Genetic Factors: Bipolar disorder is more common in individuals with a family history of the disorder. Research suggests that bipolar disorder is related to genes and that the interaction of multiple genes contributes to the emergence of the disorder.
Neurological Factors: Imbalances in brain chemistry may play a role in the development of bipolar disorder. In particular, changes in the levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline are thought to be effective in the emergence of this disorder.
Environmental Factors: Environmental factors such as traumatic events, childhood abuse, stressful life events, traumas or sudden major changes can increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder.
Brain Structure and Function: Some changes in brain structure and function have been observed in individuals with bipolar disorder. In particular, there may be differences in the prefrontal cortex (prefrontal cortex) and some parts of the limbic system. These changes are associated with the regulation and control of emotions.
Bio-psychosocial Interaction: The development of bipolar disorder can be triggered by the interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. For example, a stressful life event or traumatic experience may contribute to the emergence of bipolar disorder in a person with a genetic predisposition.
Although the exact causes of bipolar disorder are still not fully understood, a complex interplay of genetic, neurological and environmental factors is thought to play a role in the development of this disorder. It is important to consult a psychiatrist for diagnosis and treatment.
What are the Risk Factors Involved in the Development of Bipolar Disorder?
There are various risk factors that are effective in the development of bipolar disorder. These risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing the disorder. Some risk factors that play a role in the development of bipolar disorder:
Genetic Predisposition: Having a family history of bipolar disorder increases the risk of developing this disorder. Individuals whose family members have bipolar disorder are more likely to have this disorder in other family members.
Stress or Trauma in Childhood: Stressful events, abuse, neglect or loss during childhood can increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder. Such traumatic experiences can affect emotional and mental health.
Balance Changes in Brain Chemistry: Changes in the levels of neurotransmitters (such as serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline) associated with bipolar disorder may play a role in the development of the illness. In particular, increases in dopamine levels in the brain can lead to the occurrence of manic episodes.
Substance Use or Abuse: Drug or alcohol abuse can increase the risk of developing bipolar disorder. Substance use can trigger mood changes or worsen existing symptoms.
Stressful Life Events: Stressful life events, such as traumatic events, severe stress, work or relationship problems, can trigger or exacerbate episodes of bipolar disorder.
Hormonal Changes: Hormonal changes can affect bipolar symptoms, especially in women, during periods of hormonal fluctuations (pregnancy, postpartum, menstruation).
Medical Conditions and Medications: Some medical conditions (thyroid diseases, hormonal disorders) and medications (antidepressants, corticosteroids) can trigger or worsen bipolar symptoms.
These risk factors can play a role in the development of bipolar disorder, but not everyone develops the disorder despite having one or more of these factors. It is important to consult a psychiatrist for diagnosis and treatment.
How is bipolar disorder diagnosed?
To diagnose bipolar disorder, a comprehensive assessment is usually carried out by a psychiatrist or a mental health professional. The diagnostic process includes the patient providing detailed information about their symptoms, a review of their medical and family history, a physical examination, an assessment of their mental health status, and a determination of whether certain diagnostic criteria are met. Here are some common methods used to diagnose bipolar disorder:
Clinical Assessment: The psychiatrist or mental health professional conducts a detailed clinical assessment of the patient's symptoms and life history. This includes information such as duration, severity, frequency and impact of symptoms.
Assessment according to DSM-5 Criteria: Clinical guidelines such as DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) published by the American Psychiatric Association define the diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder. According to these criteria, specific symptoms for manic, hypomanic and depressive episodes are specified and the duration and severity of these symptoms are assessed.
Assessment of Medical and Family History: Medical history and family history are important in determining the risk of bipolar disorder. In particular, it is taken into account whether there is a family history of bipolar disorder or other mental health problems.
Laboratory Tests: There are no specific laboratory tests for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. However, some blood tests or imaging tests (e.g. brain magnetic resonance imaging) may be performed to exclude medical conditions or to help make a diagnosis.
Other Diagnostic Tools: Some scales and questionnaires can be used to assess symptoms of bipolar disorder and make a diagnosis.
The diagnosis of bipolar disorder is usually based on a comprehensive assessment and meeting certain diagnostic criteria. However, the diagnostic process may differ for each patient and multiple visits may be required before a diagnosis is made. Therefore, it is important to consult a psychiatrist or mental health professional.
How is Bipolar Disorder Treated?
Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric illness and is treated by a qualified psychiatrist. Treatment of bipolar disorder usually involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy and supportive treatment. Here are some common methods used to treat bipolar disorder:
Medication: Mood stabilizing medications are usually used to treat bipolar disorder. These medications help reduce the severity of manic or depressive episodes and can help control symptoms.
Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) can be effective in treating bipolar disorder. Psychotherapy can help the patient develop skills to cope with symptoms, change thought patterns and restore emotional balance.
Supportive Treatment: People with bipolar disorder may be offered a supportive treatment approach. This may include methods such as participation in support groups, family therapy, access to a social support network and improving daily living skills. Supportive treatment can improve the patient's social integration and provide support in crisis situations.
Education and Information: The person with bipolar disorder and their family should receive education about the symptoms, treatments, side effects of medication and crisis situations. Information and education can improve the patient's adherence to treatment and strengthen their ability to cope with symptoms.
Lifestyle Changes: A healthy lifestyle plays an important role in the management of bipolar disorder. Lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, adequate sleep and avoiding stress can help keep symptoms under control.
Treatment for bipolar disorder requires a personalized approach based on the specific needs of each patient. The treatment plan is based on the patient's symptoms, severity of illness, response to treatment and personal preferences. Therefore, it is important to consult a psychiatrist for the treatment of bipolar disorder.
Which diseases can be seen in bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder is often associated with other psychiatric and medical conditions and can lead to various comorbid health problems. Some of the diseases that accompany bipolar disorder can be the following:
Anxiety Disorders: People with bipolar disorder often also have anxiety disorders. This can include various anxiety conditions such as generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Alcohol and Substance Abuse: Alcohol and substance abuse is common in people with bipolar disorder. Some people may use alcohol or drugs to alleviate emotional instability or episodes of mania or depression.
Sleep Disorders: Sleep disorders are common in people with bipolar disorder. This can include various sleep problems such as insomnia, restless leg syndrome or sleep apnea.
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): ADHD symptoms can be common in people with bipolar disorder. This can include symptoms such as distractibility, hyperactivity and lack of impulse control.
Thyroid Disorders: Dysregulation of thyroid hormones can trigger or worsen the symptoms of bipolar disorder. Both hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can be associated with bipolar disorder.
Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: People with bipolar disorder may have an increased risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This can include obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels and abnormalities in cholesterol levels.
These are some of the co-morbid health problems associated with bipolar disorder, including but not limited to Diagnosis and treatment of these illnesses is important in the management of bipolar disorder and can have a positive impact on an individual's overall health.
How to Prevent Bipolar Disorder?
Although it is not possible to completely prevent bipolar disorder, some steps can be taken to control symptoms and reduce risk factors. Here are some strategies that can help prevent the development of bipolar disorder:
Regular check-ups and follow-up: People at risk of bipolar disorder should see a health professional regularly to monitor mood changes and recognize symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment can facilitate the management of the disorder.
Healthy Lifestyle: Healthy lifestyle choices such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep and avoiding stress can help keep bipolar symptoms under control. A healthy lifestyle can increase overall fitness levels and reduce the severity of emotional imbalances.
Skills to Manage Stress: Stress can trigger or worsen bipolar symptoms. Stress management techniques, yoga, meditation, deep breathing exercises, etc. can improve stress coping skills.
Avoiding Substance Abuse: Alcohol and drug abuse can exacerbate bipolar symptoms and increase the frequency and severity of episodes. Therefore, it is important to avoid substance use.
Compliance with Health Practices: It is important for people with bipolar disorder to take their prescribed medication regularly and follow the instructions of their healthcare provider. Taking medication regularly and having regular check-ups can help keep episodes under control.
Regular Mental Health Support: To cope with the symptoms of bipolar disorder, it is important to use mental health services such as psychotherapy or support groups. Such support can provide emotional support and strengthen coping skills.
Although bipolar disorder cannot be completely prevented, such preventive steps can be taken to keep symptoms under control and improve quality of life.
How to Approach People with Bipolar Disorder?
It is important to approach people with bipolar disorder in a way that respects their emotional and mental health and communicates in a supportive way. Here are some important points on how to approach people with bipolar disorder:
Empathy and Understanding: When communicating with a person with bipolar disorder, it is important to understand and empathize with their emotional and mental health. Understanding and supporting their emotional difficulties ensures the safety of the relationship.
Providing Support and Safety: People with bipolar disorder should be provided with support and safety to cope with their symptoms. They should be offered an environment that makes them feel safe and encouraged to get the support and help they need.
Listening and Understanding: It is important to be open and allow the person to share their feelings and experiences, and to communicate empathically with them. Being understanding about how symptoms of bipolar disorder are experienced can help the person feel more supported.
Setting Boundaries: It is important to set healthy boundaries in the relationship with the person with bipolar disorder. This allows the person to maintain their own boundaries while being supportive of their needs.
Encouragement for Professional Help and Treatment: It is important to encourage and support the person with bipolar disorder to seek professional help. Seeking help from specialists such as a psychiatrist or psychotherapist can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Time and Patience: Recovery from bipolar disorder can take time and symptoms may vary. It is important to be patient and support the person during this process.
Don't Forget Self-Care: Caring for someone with bipolar disorder can be challenging. Therefore, it is important to remember to take care of your own physical and emotional health. Meeting your own needs and getting support is one of the most effective ways to help you.
In conclusion, it is important to approach people with bipolar disorder in an understanding, supportive and empathetic way. Respecting their emotional and mental health and encouraging them to seek professional help can ensure the safety of the relationship and improve quality of life.
