Young Şema Ölçeği Tanım: Developed by Jeffrey E. Young in 1991, the Young Şema Ölçeği (YŞÖ-KF3) is a 90-item self-report scale designed to assist in the assessment of early maladaptive schemas. It is intended for individuals aged 13 and older. It was revised by Young and colleagues in 2003.
It is assumed that schemas develop as a result of early-life experiences with attachment figures. Based on this theoretical framework, Young and colleagues (1991; 2003) developed assessment tools for evaluating early maladaptive schemas.
Young Schema Scale—Short Form-3 (YSS-SF3)
* Assessment of Early Maladaptive Schemas: A Review of the Psychometric Properties of the Young Schema Scale Short Form-3
The YSS-SF3, following the long form consisting of 16 schemas with 205 items (Young et al., 2003) and a short form consisting of 75 items across 15 schemas (Cecero et al., 2004); unlike these forms, it is a 90-item self-report scale created by adding the schemas of Approval-Seeking, Punitive, and Pessimism. In the instructions for this self-report scale, participants are asked to read items consisting of statements they use to describe themselves and to rate, on a Likert-type scale ranging from 1 (Does not describe me at all) to 6 (Describes me perfectly), the extent to which these statements describe them. No cutoff score has been established for the scale; however, it is noted that high scores indicate the presence of numerous and severe maladaptive schemas.
Based on Young’s (2003) Schema Therapy Model, the YŞÖ-KF3 proposes 18 dimensions covering the schema domains of Disconnection and Rejection, Impaired Autonomy and Self-Disclosure, Impaired Boundaries, Other-Directedness, Hypervigilance, and Suppression. These subscales are, respectively: Abandonment/Instability, Distrust/Abuse, Emotional Suppression, Faultiness/Shame, Social Isolation/Alienation, Dependency/Incompetence, Vulnerability to Illnesses and Threats, Entanglement/Underdeveloped Self, Failure, Entitlement/Grandiosity, Inadequate Self-Control, Submissiveness, Self-Sacrifice, Approval-Seeking, Pessimism, Emotional Deprivation, High Standards/Excessive Criticism, and Punitive Behavior.
The reliability and validity study of the YŞÖ-KF3 was conducted in Turkey by Soygüt, Karaosmanoğlu, and Çakır (2009) on a university sample. In this study, based on the results of Principal Component Analysis performed using Equamax rotation, it was concluded that a 14-factor structure is appropriate for the Turkish version of the scale. In the higher-order factor analysis performed on these factors, five schema domains were identified: Compromised Autonomy, Disconnection, High Standards, Other-Orientation, and Compromised Boundaries. The 14 factors within these five schema domains are as follows: “Emotional Deprivation (items with factor loadings of 55, 19, 37, 73, 1, respectively), Failure (6, 60, 78, 24, 42, 33), Pessimism (35, 17, 8, 26, 80), Social Isolation/Insecurity (58, 4, 76, 3, 57, 75, 40), Suppression of Emotions (30, 84, 12, 66, 48), Seeking Approval (88, 52, 70, 56, 34, 16), Enmeshment/Dependency (63, 81, 9, 79, 7, 64, 10, 25, 82), Entitlement/Poor Self-Control (68, 69, 15, 50, 32, 51, 22), Self-Sacrifice (83, 47, 29, 65, 11), Abandonment (2, 20, 38, 28, 74), Punishment (54, 72, 18, 53, 49, 89), Faultiness (90, 41, 23, 43, 59, 77), Vulnerability to Illnesses/Threats (62, 71, 44, 21, 39), High Standards (13, 31, 14). Furthermore, it was found that the correlations between the schema dimensions of the YŞÖ-KF3 and the Depression subfactor of the SCL-90-R ranged from “r = .34 to .64 (p < .01).” A significant relationship ranging from “r = .13 to .52 (p < .01)” was observed between the scale’s anxiety subfactor and the YŞÖ-KF3’s schema dimensions; correlations with the Interpersonal Sensitivity subfactor ranged from “r = .15 to .58 (p < .01).” When examining the correlations between the YŞÖ-KF3 schema domains and the SCL-90-R subscales, the Depression subfactor showed a correlation in the range of “r = .55–.68 (p < .01),” the Anxiety subfactor (“r = .18–.54 (p < .01),” and the Interpersonal Sensitivity subfactor (“r = .20–.60 (p < .01),” respectively. It was observed that the scale’s internal consistency coefficient ranged from “.63–.80” for the YŞÖ-KF3 subscales. The Cronbach’s Alpha internal consistency coefficients for the schema domains identified as a result of the higher-order factor analysis ranged from “.53–.81.” In this study, the Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient for the scale was found to be .96 in the patient group and .96 in the comparison group.
Reference: Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A., & Çakır, Z. (2009). Assessment of Early Maladaptive Schemas: An Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Young Schema Scale Short Form-3. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 20 (1), 75–84.