Thrombophlebitis is a health condition characterized by intravascular inflammation and clot formation. This condition usually occurs in the superficial veins in the legs and can often occur in people who are sedentary for long periods of time or in patients who have an intravenous catheter inserted. Complaints may include pain, swelling and redness. Treatment may include rest, medication and frequent leg movements.
This condition usually develops slowly and usually occurs in deep veins, but can also occur in surface veins. To prevent this condition, it is important to adopt an active lifestyle and avoid prolonged sitting
What are the types of thrombophlebitis?
There are different types of thrombophlebitis, usually depending on the location of the blood vessel where it occurs and the area it affects. Here are some of the main types:
Superficial Thrombophlebitis: In superficial cases, it usually occurs in superficial veins under the skin. This condition usually has milder symptoms and can cause redness of the skin, increased temperature and pain.
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Deep vein thrombosis is a more serious condition that usually occurs in deep veins. This type can affect the large deep veins in the legs. DVT can lead to pulmonary embolism, a potentially serious complication.
Local Thrombophlebitis: Involves an inflammation and clot formation inside the vein, usually due to a cannula or needle. This type is a condition that can usually be treated.
Septic Thrombophlebitis: A condition in which the inflammation of the vein is accompanied by an infection. It is usually the result of a bacterial infection and may require prompt treatment.
Superficial Thrombophlebitis: A condition that occurs in the superficial veins and usually affects a more limited area. This condition is usually associated with varicose veins.
What Causes Thrombophlebitis?
Thrombophlebitis can have many causes and usually occurs when factors come together. Some of the common causes of thrombophlebitis:
Damage to the vessel wall: Damage to the lining of the blood vessel can increase the risk of this condition. This damage can be caused by trauma, surgery, injections or other causes within the vein.
Slowing of Blood Flow: Slowing or stopping blood flow can facilitate clot formation. Conditions such as prolonged immobility, long journeys or sitting on the legs for long periods of time can affect blood flow.
Blood Clotting Ability: If the blood clots more easily than normal, this can increase the risk. This may be due to genetic factors, heart disease or other medical conditions.
Hormonal Changes: Hormonal changes, especially pregnancy, birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, can increase the risk.
Smoking: Smoking can negatively affect vascular health, making it more likely to occur.
Varicose veins: Varicose veins can weaken the vein walls and cause clots to form in the veins.
Infections: Infections can lead to inflammation and clot formation in the veins. Especially infected intravenous (IV) lines can trigger this condition.
Age: As you get older, blood vessel walls may weaken and clots may become more likely to form.
What are the symptoms of thrombophlebitis?
Symptoms of thrombophlebitis can vary depending on the severity of the condition and the area affected. Common thrombophlebitis symptoms include
- Pain and swelling in the affected area,
- Skin redness and a feeling of warmth,
- The affected vessel is usually prominent,
- Arteriosclerosis,
- Pain and tenderness on contact or movement of the affected area,
- Swelling in the leg or arm,
- When infected, the body temperature can rise and cause fever.
How is thrombophlebitis diagnosed?
Thrombophlebitis is usually diagnosed by clinical examination, medical history taking and imaging tests. A physical examination evaluates swollen and tender veins, while medical history taking examines the patient's general health and history. Doppler ultrasonography is used to assess blood flow, while venography and more complex imaging methods (MRI and CT) can help identify clots within the vein.
The D-Dimer test measures a substance released during clot formation. A combination of these tests can be effective in confirming the diagnosis. After the correct diagnosis, appropriate treatment can be started.
How is thrombophlebitis treated?
Thrombophlebitis treatment is usually determined depending on the severity and type of the patient's condition. Here are some common methods used to treat thrombophlebitis:
Anticoagulants and Medications: Anticoagulants prevent clot formation by reducing the blood's ability to clot.
Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be used to reduce inflammation and control pain.
Compression Stockings: For conditions that occur in the legs or arms, doctors often recommend compression stockings. These stockings are designed to ensure the regular flow of blood and reduce swelling.
Elevation: Keeping the affected area in an elevated position (above the level of the heart) can help improve blood circulation and reduce swelling.
Hot or Cold Application: Hot or cold applications can relieve pain and reduce swelling. However, a doctor should be consulted before using these methods.
Surgical Intervention: In rare cases, surgical intervention may be necessary in cases of large clots or complications. In this procedure called thrombectomy, the clot is removed directly.
Antibiotic Treatment in the Presence of Infection: If this condition is associated with infection, doctors recommend antibiotic treatment.