State and Trait Anxiety Scale:
The State-Trait Anxiety Scale was developed by Spielberger et al. in 1970 and adapted to the Turkish population by Öner and Le Compte in 1985. It is a Likert-type scale that measures state and trait anxiety levels separately with 20 questions. High scores indicate high levels of anxiety and low scores indicate low levels of anxiety.
In 1975, the scale, which was translated into Turkish and validity and reliability studies were conducted, consists of state anxiety and trait anxiety scales with twenty items each. The total score value obtained from both scales varies between 20-80. A high score indicates a high level of anxiety and a low score indicates a low level of anxiety. It is a four-point scale ranging from "Not at all" to "Completely". The validity and reliability of the inventory in Turkey was conducted by N. Öner in 1977.
There are two types of statements in State-Trait Anxiety Inventories. Direct expressions express negative emotions and inverted expressions express positive emotions. The inverted statements in the State Anxiety Inventory are items 1,2,5,8,10,11,15,16,19 and 20.
The reversed statements in the Trait Anxiety Inventory are items 21,26,27,30,33,36 and 39. After the total weights of the direct and inverted statements are found separately, the total weight score obtained for the direct statements is subtracted from the total weight score of the inverted statements. A predetermined and unchanging value is added to this number. This constant value is 50 for the State Anxiety Inventory and 35 for the Trait Anxiety Inventory. The last value obtained is the anxiety score of the individual. The State Anxiety Inventory (SAS) is a highly sensitive tool for assessing sudden changes in emotional reactions. The second part of the inventory, the Trait Anxiety Scale (CAS), which also consists of 20 items, aims to measure the continuity of the anxiety that the person tends to experience. Scores range from 20 (low anxiety) to 80 (high anxiety).